Switch-mode Power Supplies -

Includes Flyback and Forward converters, which use transformers to provide electrical isolation between input and output. 4. Comparative Analysis Switch-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Linear Power Supply Efficiency High (75% to 98-99%) Low (25% to 50%) Size & Weight Compact and lightweight due to high-frequency components Large and heavy due to low-frequency transformers Heat Dissipation Low; remains cooler during operation High; requires significant heat sinking Noise & Ripple Higher electrical noise (EMI) and output ripple Very low noise and high stability Complexity High; requires specialized design and PCB layout Low; simpler circuit design 5. Key Components

Capacitors and inductors used at both input and output to reduce ripple and EMI. 6. Market and Applications

The primary function of an SMPS is to transfer power from a source (AC or DC) to a load while regulating voltage and current. The process generally follows these steps: Switch-Mode Power Supplies

Steps up the input voltage to a higher output level.

For AC-to-DC conversion, the input voltage is first rectified and filtered. Key Components Capacitors and inductors used at both

Output voltage is maintained through Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) , where the duty cycle (ratio of on-to-off time) is adjusted by a feedback mechanism to compensate for load or input variations. 3. Common Topologies

Typically power MOSFETs or BJTs that perform the rapid switching. The process generally follows these steps: Steps up

Efficiently steps down voltage to a lower level.