Artificial intelligence algorithms are now routinely applied to MRI, CT, and PET scans to detect Stage I tumors with higher accuracy than manual review.

Modern diagnostics prioritize early detection and non-invasive monitoring to replace or supplement traditional tissue biopsies.

These analyze circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or tumor cells (CTCs) from simple blood draws. In 2026, they are increasingly used to identify "molecular residual disease" (MRD)—signs of cancer that remain after surgery but before they can be seen on a scan.