This was the defining conflict of the era, initially sparked by religious tensions in Bohemia but evolving into a continent-wide struggle for power.
The war devastated Central Europe, particularly Germany, through famine and disease. 📜 The Peace of Westphalia (1648) This was the defining conflict of the era,
The Catholic League (led by the Hapsburgs) vs. the Protestant Union (supported by France, Sweden, and Denmark). This was the defining conflict of the era,
Summary: International Relations in the 16th–17th Centuries This was the defining conflict of the era,
Recognition that each state has exclusive authority over its territory.
This treaty fundamentally reshaped the world order by establishing several core principles:
The transition of society from religious values toward nonreligious values and secular institutions.