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: Inheritance breaks encapsulation; use wrappers or delegates instead.

: Pass resources to the constructor instead of hardcoding them (Singleton/Static utilities). 2. Methods Common to All Objects : Inheritance breaks encapsulation

: Favor immutable classes (like String ) to make code thread-safe and less buggy. : Inheritance breaks encapsulation

: This prevents NullPointerException for the caller. : Inheritance breaks encapsulation

: Don't use them for normal control flow.

: Make classes and members as private as possible.