Evolution of daily life, scientific breakthroughs, and the development of arts and culture in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna, and the rise of liberalism and nationalism.

The transition from traditional to industrial civilizations, including technical inventions and the "European Miracle".

The textbook typically focuses on the , divided into several thematic blocks:

А. Я. Юдовская: § 8, 12, 13; П. А. Баранов: § 17-19;. Л. М. Ванюшкина: § 5-6; Д. Ю. Бовыкин: «Мир к началу XVI в.»,. § 1-4, 9, 14- Портал Госуслуг